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Originally, FFF used a modified bio-sand filter with iron nails and brick to remove arsenic. This worked but did not meet WHO’s water standards for arsenic (50ppb) and E.coli (0 per 100ml). The installers also had to replace the nails, which cost an extra $5 per filter per year. (Creating a plastic version using local materials is a great approach.) |
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| Since the mid-1980s, tube wells have been used in areas with arsenic concentrations as high as 4,000 ppb. With a lifetime of drinking such high rates, the health effects can become deadly. Here you see the early signs of hyper-pigmentation and skin lesions (arsenical keratosis), which eventually lead to skin cancer. |
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| Arsenic can also cross the placenta and can cause low birth weight, fetal malformation, and even fetal death. FFF brought this little girl to the doctor to diagnose the cause of her seizures. He found that she suffers from drastic reduction of her right brain lobe. The arsenic in her well is over 900 ppb, from an American water tap it is less than 10 ppb. |
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| Here is a profile view of the SONO filter. Dr Munir and his brothers developed this filter in Bangladesh as an affordable solution to the arsenic problem there. If you want to read the development and deployment study, download here. |
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| This was the first filter installed in Nepal. Feeling a definite improvement in her health, this woman keeps her filter covered as show of respect. Having used the same media for six years now, the first SONO filters installed in Bangladesh continue to produce water with arsenic levels below 10ppb. |
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| In Nepal, FFF is assembling and installing the SONO filter for $55 each. They are buying most of the items locally and using common river sand. The CIM is the only component manufactured and imported from Bangladesh. |
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| On the left is Rajan, FFF’s field coordinator in Parasi. After we left Nepal, Rajan was in a terrible accident and fell 200 ft down a cliff. He will miss 6 months of work and has a $1,500 hospital bill. If anyone wanted to help continue his good work, please contact Dr. Linda Smith (director.linda@gmail.com). |